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【登録タグ GUMI O zalas 曲】 作詞:zalas 作曲:zalas 編曲:zalas 唄:GUMI English 曲紹介 王道な道を歩かなくても、それは失敗ではなく、いずれ新しい領域まで辿り着けることをテーマとして、オーニソプターに関してソネット式で歌詞を書いてみました。(作者コメ転載) タイトルの ornithopter とは 羽ばたき飛行機 のこと。 歌詞 Ajar to ages past, this door through which I spy Against the skies they cast, absurd attempts to fly Afloat with waxed wings, to test that raptor's realms And they descend, dead kings, left clutching cloven helms And on through endless years, this road on which they tread Amidst the countless fears, along this timeless thread Awash with dogged drive, within Ambrose's lands Adept yet he will strive, with deft yet futile hands On and on and on they fought, as empires fell to soft strides Off the mark they toiled for naught, as chicks flew over tense tides Ornithopter, how you sing, and yet ring not the heavens Only onwards, tottering, towards due destinations Open seas you reach at last, yet do you still remember Odysseys of twinkles past, now everywhere forever コメント 追加乙! -- 名無しさん (2013-09-29 18 51 05) 名前 コメント
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Wanderer Halberd Crossbow Sueht, Devourer of Light Dark Lurker Absolved Narcoss, the Anvil Sentinel Sentinel(Shielded) Death Speaker Gaston, Heir of Ambition Frozen Giant Totverfolgen Gehirnkaf Beinefeuer Father Amandil(アマンディル神父) Venerable Archer Soulflame Knight Frayed Knight Dominic Child of Seeds Forest Dancer Mother's Disciple Mother's Guardian Mildred, the First Mother Halberd (Soulflame) Crossbow (Soulflame) Kayen, Father of Thrist Father Mother Lamb Filth Lurker Altus, the First Father Emissary of Ur(あなたの使者) Wanderer A body drained of soul is said to be without purpose. In truth it is an empty vessel. A home for something else. Halberd When existence itself is threatened, those that are able to take up arms do. The most frightened tend to grab the longest weapon they can. (存在そのものが脅かされたとき、武器を取ることができるものはそうする。 最も怯える者は、できるだけ長い武器を手にする傾向がある。) Crossbow Those whose hearts were stricken with the most debilitating fear found comfort in ranged weaponry. Safety in distance is a luxury not afforded to all. (最も衰弱した恐怖に心を痛めた人々は、射撃武器に安らぎを見出した。 遠距離での安全は、すべての人に許されるものではありません。) Sueht, Devourer of Light Sueht, or the Fallen Father, was the first and only council member to have ascended. Banished and abandoned, Sueht became a parasitic devourer of the light he once swore to serve. (スエート(堕落した神父)は、評議会のメンバーとして初めて、そして唯一、昇天した人物である。 追放され、見捨てられたスエートは、かつて仕えることを誓った光に寄生し、食い尽くすようになった。) Dark Lurker They do not crawl before they walk, they shall not live before they die. In eternal servitude of the dark forever shall they confide. (彼らは歩く前に這うことはなく、死ぬ前に生きることはないだろう。 闇の永遠の隷属の中で、彼らは永遠に打ち明けるだろう。) Absolved They wander aimlessly in search of something more... (彼らは何かを求めて、あてもなくさまよう...。) Narcoss, the Anvil Narcoss, revered as the father of the art of blacksmithy, is said to have come from a foreign land. With unrivaled skill, it was he who was charged with the construction of Sacred Kilns when the filth first spread. (ナルコスは、鍛冶技術の父と崇められ、異国の地からやってきたと言われています。 その腕前は他の追随を許さず、汚物が蔓延した当初、聖なる窯の建設を任されたのは彼だった。) Sentinel Wortless scraps animated by the Soulflame. With his dying breaths Narcoss gave life to the Sentinels. He hoped that these soulless titans would serve as eternal wards against the filth. Sentinel(Shielded) In time some Sentinels showed signs of conciousness. Through developed thought they appeared to mimic the existence of their creator. Death Speaker When fear consumed all but the fleeting shadow of their known existence some men turned to the Night God. Death. In cowardice they embraced the nothing over the unknown, and in their nihilism they found strength. Gaston, Heir of Ambition Before his fall from grace, the young prince was revered as the greatest of hunters. Truly, there was no prey that could elude his sight. Many believe it was Gaston's voracious appetite that inevitably drove his heart into darkness. (堕落する前の若き王子は最強のハンターとして尊敬を集めていた。 事実、彼の狙いから逃れられる獲物はいなかった。 ガストンの飽くなき欲求が彼の心を闇へと追いやったのだと多くの者が信じている。) Frozen Giant When men realized their naked vulnerabily, they sought solution. (男は自分の裸の弱さに気づき、解決策を探した。) Totverfolgen As the old began to crumble and humanity looked to the new, many set their sights to willful penance in hopes of redemption. Gehirnkaf Can sin exist without intent? Can intent exist without thought? As the new was built and old undone, the free minds were caged, and in turn their secrets lost. Beinefeuer As the filth spread, even prisoners were conscripted to ward against the threat. Now the dungeons are filled with nothing but the abandoned remains of unworthy lambs. (穢れが広がるにつれ、囚人さえもその脅威から守るために徴兵された。 今、地下牢は価値のない子羊たちの遺骸で埋め尽くされている。) Father Amandil(アマンディル神父) Amandil was sent to oversee the dungeon denizens. It was believed that the holy presence of a Father would provide the lambs with comfort. (アマンディルは、地下牢の住人を監督するために送られた。 神父の神聖な存在が、子羊たちに安らぎを与えると信じられていた。) Venerable Archer The most elite archers were trained by Gaston, the hunter. Gaston believed it was as important to be aware of surroundings as it was of prey. Soulflame Knight Some say the knights are empty husks, animated by Soulflame. Some believe they are nothing but evolutions of the Sentinels. (ある者は騎士は魂の炎によって動かされた空っぽの殻だと言い ある者は彼らはセンチネルの進化系に過ぎないと信じている。) Frayed Knight Dominic Once he was the revered captain of the Knight's Council, Dominic's path has always been veiled in shadow. Perhaps it was his desire for greatness that pushed him? No matter the cause, it was through him that the corrupted flames first received spark. (かつては騎士団のキャプテンとして尊敬を集めたドミニクだが、その歩みは常に影を潜めていた。 おそらくは偉大なるものへの欲望が彼を突き動かしたのだろうか。 原因はどうであれ、彼を通じて腐敗した炎が初めて火花を散らしたのだ。) Child of Seeds When the roots finally reached the caverns and polluted the waters, all was consumed. The once blossoming gardens of Thornvale eventually became a fertile ground for children of filth. (その根がついに洞窟に到達し、水を汚したとき、すべてが消費された。 かつて花開いたソーンベールの庭園は、やがて穢れの子供たちの肥沃な土地となった。) Forest Dancer Unlike the other denizens of Thornvale, the dancer is a creature of both flesh and filth. In past life she was but a simple girl with dreams of grandeur. (ソーンベールの他の住人とは異なり、ダンサーは人間と穢れの両方の生き物である。 前世は壮大な夢を抱く平凡な少女に過ぎなかった。) Mother's Disciple When the Father finally decided that the denial of life itself was acceptable sacrifice, the Mother denied him. Robbed of child, the Mother and her champions shattered the Beckoning Bell and sought sanctuary behind walls of filth... Mother's Guardian Those of the Mother's followers which sacrificed themselves became something more. Fused with the Soulflame, they serve as eternal guardians of the Mother. Mildred, the First Mother Trapped in the prison she calls a home, the Mother eventually submitted herself to the filth. With the child's remains in arms, she became a soulless heart. (母と呼ばれる牢獄に閉じ込められ、母はやがて穢れに身を委ねた。 子供の遺骨を抱いて、彼女は魂のない心臓になった。) Halberd (Soulflame) The council decided that the expedition be equipped with Soulflame weaponry. This was seen as a precautionary measure. (評議会は、遠征隊にソウルフレームの武器を装備させることを決定した。 これは予防的な措置と見なされた。) Crossbow (Soulflame) Should the expedition find themselves trapped within the filth prison they set out to plant, they will have to rely on the Soulflame to burn means of escape. (万が一、自分たちが仕掛けた穢れた牢獄に閉じ込められたら、ソウルフレイムを使って脱出方法を探さなければならない。) Kayen, Father of Thrist Kayen, dubbed the Father of Thrist, is said to have been the first and only lamb to have truly ascended. He is believe to be a culmination of the most prominent human condition, unquenchable thirst. Father Founders of the new church, and loyal servants to Altus. The Fathers have committed themselves to protection of church and proliferation of flock. (新教会の創設者であり、アルタスの忠実な下僕である。 教父たちは、教会の保護との信徒の拡大に全力を尽くしています。) Mother Loyal servants of the church and mothers of lambs. There is no sacrifice too great for their faith. (教会の忠実な奉仕者であり、子羊の母である。 彼らの信仰に大きすぎる犠牲はない。) Lamb Few experiments were truly successful; however, it was the partially successful which caused the most grief. (実際に成功した実験はほとんどないが、 最も悲しみを引き起こしたのは部分的に成功したことだった。) Filth Lurker Some lambs fled the hollow laboratory and found their way to the caverns. The corrupted waters resonated with their inner filth. (何匹かの子羊は空の実験室から逃げ出し、洞窟にたどり着いた。 腐敗した水は彼らの内なる穢れと共鳴していた。) Altus, the First Father Turned his back to God. Set his sights on man and filth... Under silent bells, the world would slumber... (神に背を向け 人間と穢れに目をつけた 静寂の鐘の下で、世界はまどろむ...) Emissary of Ur(あなたの使者) It sleeps in the deepest darkest corners of every man's soul. It feasts on our ambitions as it casts out our doubts. It finds strength in destroying humanity and grace, as it shepherds us to our potential. Our filth... our salvation... our destruction... (それは、すべての人の心の奥底に眠っている。 それは、私たちの野望を食い物にし、私たちの疑念を打ち消す。 人間性と優美さを破壊することに力を見いだし、我々の可能性へと導いてくれる。 我々の穢れ...我々の救済...我々の破壊...)
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Market Scenario The global Smart Contracts For Healthcare Market is likely to grow at a healthy 48.2% CAGR in the forecast period 2020- 2027, according to the latest Market Research Future (MRFR) analysis. Though smart contracts possess the potential of benefitting any sector, it is extremely helpful in the healthcare industry. Managing patients’ data, records, and health information has become a huge task for most practitioners. Besides, there has been an increase in fraud cases owing to the vulnerability of the outdated systems that are currently in use. These issues cannot be solved alone by practitioners. It is here where smart contracts acts as a savior. The three ways in which smart contracts are used in the healthcare industry include health insurance, health records, and telemedicine. Various factors are fuelling the global smart contracts in healthcare market share. As per the recent MRFR market estimates, such factors include the increase in data breaching cases in the healthcare industry, improved visibility offered by distributed ledger technology, increase in threat of forged medicines in the pharmaceutical industry, increasing popularity of Blockchain technology, growing awareness of its different benefits such as transparency and accuracy, secure, time-saving, and cost-effective, supportive government initiatives, and increasing use for scalable and secure COVID-19 diagnostics and data management. On the contrary, lack of systems integration capabilities and lack of technical expertise associated with smart contracts in healthcare may limit the global smart contracts in healthcare market growth in the forecast period. COVID-19 Analysis The COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be a valid testing ground for all digital technologies as blockchain aims to provide an additional moat of security to healthcare organizations. Smart contracts can be used in providing solutions for COVID-19 testing and data management. The ability to attain the right data from state agencies, insurance companies, and health clinics to get insurance and provide the right equipment to patients in time constraints can be achieved rapidly. Request a Free Sample @ https //www.marketresearchfuture.com/sample_request/8074 Competitive Outlook The notable players profiled in the global smart contracts in healthcare market report include Medicalchain (UK), Guardtime (Netherlands), Microsoft Corporation (US), Blockpharma (France), FarmaTrust (UK), iSolve (US), smartData Enterprises (India), Chronicled (US), Hashed Health (US), PokitDok, Inc (US), Gem (US), SimplyVital Health (US), Proof.Work (UK), Factom (US), Patientory (US), and IBM Corporation (US), among others. Segmentation The MRFR report throws light on an inclusive segmental analysis of the global smart contracts in healthcare market based on end user, blockchain platform, and application. By blockchain platform, the global smart contracts in healthcare market is segmented into ethereum, NXT, sidechains, and bitcoin. Of these, the ethereum segment will lead the market over the forecast period. By application, the global smart contracts in healthcare market is segmented into claims adjudication billing management, supply chain management, clinical data exchange interoperability, electronic health records, patient data management, and others. Of these, the supply chain management segment will dominate the market over the forecast period for the rise in cases of forged medicines. By end user, the global smart contracts in healthcare market is segmented into healthcare payers, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies, and others. Of these, the pharmaceutical companies will spearhead the market over the forecast period. Regional Analysis By region, the global smart contracts in healthcare market covers the recent trends and growth opportunity across Europe, the Asia Pacific (APAC), South America, North America, and the Middle East and Africa (MEA). Of these, North America will sway the market over the forecast period. Increased investment by tier 1 companies, research and academic institutions contributing significantly to develop smart contract solutions, increased backing by the trade bodies and government, the robust marketing activities by contenders, the presence of leading players that are investing capital and fortifying their assets along with their competencies, and increase in focus in R D activities are adding to the global smart contracts in healthcare market growth in the region. In Europe, the global smart contracts in healthcare market is predicted to hold the second-largest share over the forecast period for the increase in healthcare expenditure in Western Europe’s developed economies. In the APAC region, the global smart contracts in healthcare market is predicted to have promising growth in the forecast period for the rising government initiatives to promote the perks of smart contracts in the healthcare market. In Rest of the World, the global smart contracts in healthcare market is predicted to have steady growth over the forecast period. Access Report Details @ https //www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/smart-contracts-healthcare-market-8074 Table of Contents 1Executive Summary 2Scope of the Report 2.1Market Definition 2.2Scope of the Study 2.2.1Research objectives 2.2.2Assumptions Limitations 2.3Markets Structure Continued…. Similar Report Application Management Services Market By Service-Type (System Integration, Consulting Services, Modernization Services, And Others), By Organization Size, By Deployment, And By End-Users Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) Market By Security Type (Human Intelligence, Content Intelligence, Dark Web Analysis, Link/Network Analysis, Data Analytics, Text Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Others), Technology (Bid Data Software, Video Analytics, Text Analytics, Visualization Tool, Cyber Security, Web Analysis, Social Media Analysis, Others), Application (Military Defense, Homeland Security, Private Sector, Public Sector, National Security, Others) About Market Research Future Market Research Future (MRFR) has created a niche in the world of market research. It is counted among the top market research companies that offer well-researched and updated market research reports and insights to businesses of all sizes. What sets us apart is our super-responsive team that offers quality work keeping clients abridged of the prospective challenges and opportunities in various markets. Our team is adept in their space as well as patiently listens to every client. The best part is they know their work inside out and possess the expertise to guide the client in the right direction and achieve results on a tight deadline. We are a one-stop solution for all your data research needs. Our team does not believe in the “one size fits all” approach to creating a report that is detailed and concise. We handle 13 industry verticals including Healthcare, Chemicals and Materials, Information and Communications Technology, Semiconductor and Electronics, Energy and Power, Food, Beverages Nutrition, Automobile, Consumer and Retail, Aerospace and Defense, Industrial Automation and Equipment, Packaging Transport, Construction, and Agriculture. With our unique approach for every market report, we aim to reach the zenith in qualitative business intelligence and syndicated market research. Contact Market Research Future (Part of Wantstats Research and Media Private Limited) 99 Hudson Street, 5Th Floor New York, NY 10013 United States of America 1 628 258 0071 (US) 44 2035 002 764 (UK) Email sales@marketresearchfuture.com Website https //www.marketresearchfuture.com #market #research #industry #data #growth #trend #report #analyis #share #marketing #forecast #digital #geographic #demographic #gnews Plugin Error キーワードを入力してください。 #tech #researchreport #marketreport #futrue
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In The Breeze / 96 Sota ft. Mayumi Morinaga Don't you remember our love? Please call my name more and more... When I was feeling something as you were by my side Only I knew it. I wanted to be with you but I couldn't share my feelings...not yet Now we're walking on the beach and I am wearing my white cotton dress It's given me a rhythm and the sun and the sand warm me up like your kiss take my hand Don't you remember our love? Please call my name one more time Tell me 'bout your dreams, and I'll tell you mine The sweet smell mixing in the breeze make me so happy So let's dance and sing together all night long The time we spend alone is really special You know I'd never trade it for anything else I'm so glad that I could share my true feelings.... ...with you....!
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Advertisement Accessibility Help Skip to content Skip to bbc.co.uk search Low graphics Help Access keys help Search term Explore the BBC BBC News Updated every minute of every day One-Minute World News News Front Page Africa Americas Asia-Pacific Europe Middle East South Asia UK England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales UK Politics Education Magazine Business Health Science Environment Technology Entertainment Also in the news ----------------- Video and Audio ----------------- Advertisement Programmes Have Your Say In Pictures Country Profiles Special Reports Related BBC sites Sport Weather On This Day Editors Blog BBC World Service Page last updated at 09 25 GMT, Friday, 24 July 2009 10 25 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version Drivers don t trust road taxes MPs say a new consensus is needed on tackling congestion Motoring taxes have been handled so badly that drivers no longer trust what ministers say the charges pay for, an MPs report says. Inconsistency over justification for green taxes tarnished their image , according to the transport committee. Ministers should also abandon the link between unpopular congestion charge schemes and transport funding, it adds. The government said billions had been spent on public transport and it was committed to improving travel options. The cross-party committee concluded that road users remained an important source of revenue but needed to be treated fairly and with openness . Black hole For the Conservatives, Theresa Villiers said This report is further evidence of the mess Labour have made of motoring taxes. Their attempts at disguising retrospective car tax hikes as green taxes has backfired. Dressing up revenue raisers designed to plug the enormous black hole in Gordon Brown s public finances as green taxes fools no one and leaves road users aggrieved. Voluntary road pricing schemes - such as allowing drivers to pay charges related to distance, time or congestion instead of car tax or fuel duty - could be an option, the committee suggested. Richard George, Campaign for Better Transport If you drive a lot more, it s fairer that you pay more They said drivers needed clearer signals about how their taxes were being spent to reduce congestion and pollution. The report said Fuel duty has been presented, at different times, as a tool to reduce carbon emissions, a source of general revenue, and a means to fund transport investment. We are concerned that motorists are mistrustful of the government regarding taxes. Chairman Louise Ellman added The government handled a phased set of increases to Vehicle Excise Duty (car tax) so badly they tarnished the image of environmental taxes. Taxing drivers according to how much they use their cars remained the fairest method but the amount raised could be limited by the economic climate, she said. FROM THE TODAY PROGRAMME More from Today programme Send us your comments Instead, the committee recommended the government develop other measures to address congestion. Unacceptable The committee said proposed city-centre congestion charge plans had proved unacceptable in many areas. Manchester and Edinburgh have rejected congestion schemes in recent years while plans to further expand the scheme in London were dropped last year. Ms Ellman said distribution of money from the government s Transport Innovation Fund should no longer be tied to such schemes. But she believes individual drivers might be willing to pay road charges if they could offset them against road and fuel duties or get other incentives. She said a scheme in Oregon, in the US, which linked charges to duty rebates and the offer of insurance and entertainment services, had proved successful. Haulage firms have repeatedly protested against UK fuel duty Other suggestions the committee makes are for locally-funded transport improvements and tolls for foreign-registered lorries. It also says car parking charges must be proportional and local authorities should not be charging excessive prices to pay for non-related services. Although it said it had no evidence this was happening, the public was concerned about the issue. Similarly, it says penalty fines must not be used as a blatant tool to raise money from motorists and councils must spend more of the revenue raised on creating more parking spaces and improving signs. The Department of Transport said it had no plans to change the Transport Innovation Fund but stressed councils would still continue to receive funding if they did not pursue congestion schemes. As well as increased investment in buses, trains and cycle routes, it said widening roads, extending hard shoulders and improving junctions would help tackle congestion. We are committed to implementing innovative and far-reaching measures to improve the transport options available, it said. RAC Foundation director Professor Stephen Glaister said drivers were given no clear explanation of what they got in return for around £45bn paid in taxes each year. AA president Edmund King added that the public had lost trust in all political parties on motoring issues. Bookmark with Delicious Digg reddit Facebook StumbleUpon What are these? E-mail this to a friend Printable version Print Sponsor Advertisement Ads by Google Offshore Savings Guide Free Savings, Pension Investment Report for all Expats. Request Now! OffshoreInvestmentDesigner.com Global Prime Brokerage World-Class Prime Brokerage Experts With Bank of America Merrill Lynch. www.BA.ML.com/Prime Phone Taxes Going Up Nonprofit group offers Web tool to show impact of USF hikes www.phonetaxcalculator.org Advertisement SEE ALSO C-charge for peak time considered16 Mar 09 | London Transport tax proposal rejected30 Jan 09 | Manchester Voters focus on transport issues15 May 09 | Cambridgeshire EU plans new charges for lorries12 Feb 09 | Europe Voters reject congestion charge12 Dec 08 | Manchester Edinburgh rejects congestion plan22 Feb 05 | Scotland RELATED INTERNET LINKS Department of Transport Houses of Parliament The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites TOP UK POLITICS STORIES Afghan mission will go on - Brown French minister bids to calm row Climate deal unlikely this year | News feeds MOST POPULAR STORIES NOW SHARED READ WATCHED/LISTENED Controversy over U2 s Berlin wall Horse genome unlocked by science A taste for the old East Germany Deadly shootings at US army base Why Ugandans want to work in Iraq Most popular now, in detail SHARED READ WATCHED/LISTENED Deadly shootings at US army base US hits China pipes with tariffs Controversy over U2 s Berlin wall In pictures Fort Hood shootings Weekly world news quiz Three bald bears perplex experts Why Ugandans want to work in Iraq Horse genome unlocked by science A taste for the old East Germany Thailand s shadowy southern insurgency Most popular now, in detail SHARED READ WATCHED/LISTENED US army base gunman in custody One-minute World News Fork lift driver crashes into shelves Five Minutes with Sesame Street Obama on horrific army shooting Army footage of shooting aftermath Prickly problem for bald hedgehog Top Gear sets off on world tour Thirsty kangaroos rampage town Shatner unveils Tussauds double Most popular now, in detail FEATURES, VIEWS, ANALYSIS Retro chic Brands from East Germany still going strong 20 years on It s quiz time! 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『UniversalCentury.net GUNDAM ONLINE』(ユニバーサルセンチュリードットネット ガンダム オンライン)は、バンダイナムコゲームス運営のオンラインゲーム。開発・サポートは株式会社ディンプス。2005年9月29日に正式サービスが開始され、2007年12月15日に終了した。 アニメ『機動戦士ガンダム』を題材にした初めてのフル3DCGMMORPG。ユーザーは宇宙世紀の世界において、地球連邦軍とジオン公国軍のどちらかに所属し、モビルスーツ(以下MS)や戦車などで戦闘を行う。戦闘以外にもMSや戦車の生産、3DCGで表現された動くMSのいるリアルな風景なども楽しめる要素だった。 ICARUS SERVER, MMORPG UniversalCentury.net GUNDAM ONLINE(UCGO)が再現された エミュレートサーバ Universal Century Gundam Online was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game based in the Universal Century Gundam universe. Players control an avatar within a game world in a third person view. Players can also pilot various vehicles and Mobile Suits. They can fight various other Mobile Suits, Vehicles controlled by other players, or NPCs. Each Mobile Suit and Vehicle may be improved by the player and outfitted with an array of equipment. The player s avatar can be created on one of two factions, the Principality of Zeon or the Earth Federation Forces, each with their own unique cities, vehicles, and Mobile Suits. Players may attack other players of the opposing faction, as well as their own. Players may form teams, which organize large groups of players and allow them coordinate activities through a reserved chat channel. In order to combat enemies, players must "lock-on" to their enemies and initiate attacks, but all aiming of the weapons in the game is done automatically. On June 15, 2007, Dimps announced that Gundam Online would be going offline at 10 00 JST on December 15, 2007. The game is no longer in service. Before closing, the game was primarily populated with Japanese players, but international players often found ways to get into the game and made up a minority of the population. Despite the closing of the official server, community members have created their own private servers in an attempt to revive the game. ICARUS SERVER is one of the private servers.
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Chapter VI.条約後のヨーロッパ(Europe after the Treaty)-5 Contents Top Chapter I.序論(Introductory) Chapter II.戦争以前のヨーロッパ(Europe before the War) Chapter III.会議(The Conference) Chapter IV.条約(The Treaty)-1 Chapter IV.条約(The Treaty)-2 Chapter IV.条約(The Treaty)-3 Chapter V.賠償(Reparation)-1 Chapter V.賠償(Reparation)-2 Chapter V.賠償(Reparation)-3 Chapter V.賠償(Reparation)-4 Chapter V.賠償(Reparation)-5 Chapter VI.条約後のヨーロッパ(Europe after the Treaty)-5 Chapter VII.救済策(Remedies)-1 Chapter VII.救済策(Remedies)-2 Chapter VI.条約後のヨーロッパ(Europe after the Treaty) This chapter must be one of pessimism. The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe,—nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbors, nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New. The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues, being preoccupied with others,—Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy, Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week, the President to do nothing that was not just and right. It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it as a problem of theology, of polities, of electoral chicane, from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling. I leave, from this point onwards, Paris, the Conference, and the Treaty, briefly to consider the present situation of Europe, as the War and the Peace have made it; and it will no longer be part of my purpose to distinguish between the inevitable fruits of the War and the avoidable misfortunes of the Peace. The essential facts of the situation, as I see them, are expressed simply. Europe consists of the densest aggregation of population in the history of the world. This population is accustomed to a relatively high standard of life, in which, even now, some sections of it anticipate improvement rather than deterioration. In relation to other continents Europe is not self-sufficient; in particular it cannot feed Itself. Internally the population is not evenly distributed, but much of it is crowded into a relatively small number of dense industrial centers. This population secured for itself a livelihood before the war, without much margin of surplus, by means of a delicate and immensely complicated organization, of which the foundations were supported by coal, iron, transport, and an unbroken supply of imported food and raw materials from other continents. By the destruction of this organization and the interruption of the stream of supplies, a part of this population is deprived of its means of livelihood. Emigration is not open to the redundant surplus. For it would take years to transport them overseas, even, which is not the case, if countries could be found which were ready to receive them. The danger confronting us, therefore, is the rapid depression of the standard of life of the European populations to a point which will mean actual starvation for some (a point already reached in Russia and approximately reached in Austria). Men will not always die quietly. For starvation, which brings to some lethargy and a helpless despair, drives other temperaments to the nervous instability of hysteria and to a mad despair. And these in their distress may overturn the remnants of organization, and submerge civilization itself in their attempts to satisfy desperately the overwhelming needs of the individual. This is the danger against which all our resources and courage and idealism must now co-operate. On the 13th May, 1919, Count Brockdorff-Rantzau addressed to the Peace Conference of the Allied and Associated Powers the Report of the German Economic Commission charged with the study of the effect of the conditions of Peace on the situation of the German population. "In the course of the last two generations," they reported, "Germany has become transformed from an agricultural State to an industrial State. So long as she was an agricultural State, Germany could feed forty million inhabitants. As an industrial State she could insure the means of subsistence for a population of sixty-seven millions; and in 1913 the importation of foodstuffs amounted, in round figures, to twelve million tons. Before the war a total of fifteen million persons in Germany provided for their existence by foreign trade, navigation, and the use, directly or indirectly, of foreign raw material." After rehearsing the main relevant provisions of the Peace Treaty the report continues "After this diminution of her products, after the economic depression resulting from the loss of her colonies, her merchant fleet and her foreign investments, Germany will not he in a position to import from abroad an adequate quantity of raw material. An enormous part of German industry will, therefore, be condemned inevitably to destruction. The need of importing foodstuffs will increase considerably at the same time that the possibility of satisfying this demand is as greatly diminished. In a very short time, therefore, Germany will not be in a position to give bread and work to her numerous millions of inhabitants, who are prevented from earning their livelihood by navigation and trade. These persons should emigrate, but this is a material impossibility, all the more because many countries and the most important ones will oppose any German immigration. To put the Peace conditions into execution would logically involve, therefore, the loss of several millions of persons in Germany. This catastrophe would not be long in coming about, seeing that the health of the population has been broken down during the War by the Blockade, and during the Armistice by the aggravation of the Blockade of famine. No help, however great, or over however long a period it were continued, could prevent those deaths en masse." "We do not know, and indeed we doubt," the report concludes, "whether the Delegates of the Allied and. Associated Powers realize the inevitable consequences which will take place if Germany, an industrial State, very thickly populated, closely bound up with the economic system of the world, and under the necessity of importing enormous quantities of raw material and foodstuffs, suddenly finds herself pushed back to the phase of her development, which corresponds to her economic condition and the numbers of her population as they were half a century ago. Those who sign this Treaty will sign the death sentence of many millions of German men, women and children." I know of no adequate answer to these words. The indictment is at least as true of the Austrian, as of the German, settlement. This is the fundamental problem in front of us, before which questions of territorial adjustment and the balance of European power are insignificant. Some of the catastrophes of past history, which have thrown back human progress for centuries, have been due to the reactions following on the sudden termination, whether in the course of nature or by the act of man, of temporarily favorable conditions which have permitted the growth of population beyond what could be provided for when the favorable conditions were at an end. The significant features of the immediate situation can be grouped under three heads first, the absolute falling off, for the time being, in Europe s internal productivity; second, the breakdown of transport and exchange by means of which its products could be conveyed where they were most wanted; and third, the inability of Europe to purchase its usual supplies from overseas. The decrease of productivity cannot be easily estimated, and may be the subject of exaggeration. But the primâ facie evidence of it is overwhelming, and this factor has been the main burden of Mr. Hoover s well-considered warnings. A variety of causes have produced it;—violent and prolonged internal disorder as in Russia and Hungary; the creation of new governments and their inexperience in the readjustment of economic relations, as in Poland and Czecho-Slovakia; the loss throughout the Continent of efficient labor, through the casualties of war or the continuance of mobilization; the falling-off in efficiency through continued underfeeding in the Central Empires; the exhaustion of the soil from lack of the usual applications of artificial manures throughout the course of the war; the unsettlement of the minds of the laboring classes on the above all (to quote Mr. Hoover), "there is a great fundamental economic issues of their lives. But relaxation of effort as the reflex of physical exhaustion of large sections of the population from privation and the mental and physical strain of the war." Many persons are for one reason or another out of employment altogether. According to Mr. Hoover, a summary of the unemployment bureaus in Europe in July, 1919, showed that 15,000,000 families were receiving unemployment allowances in one form or another, and were being paid in the main by a constant inflation of currency. In Germany there is the added deterrent to labor and to capital (in so far as the Reparation terms are taken literally), that anything, which they may produce beyond the barest level of subsistence, will for years to come be taken away from them. Such definite data as we possess do not add much, perhaps, to the general picture of decay. But I will remind the reader of one or two of them. The coal production of Europe as a whole is estimated to have fallen off by 30 per cent; and upon coal the greater part of the industries of Europe and the whole of her transport system depend. Whereas before the war Germany produced 85 per cent of the total food consumed by her inhabitants, the productivity of the soil is now diminished by 40 per cent and the effective quality of the live-stock by 55 per cent.[145] Of the European countries which formerly possessed a large exportable surplus, Russia, as much by reason of deficient transport as of diminished output, may herself starve. Hungary, apart from her other troubles, has been pillaged by the Romanians immediately after harvest. Austria will have consumed the whole of her own harvest for 1919 before the end of the calendar year. The figures are almost too overwhelming to carry conviction to our minds; if they were not quite so bad, our effective belief in them might be stronger. But even when coal can be got and grain harvested, the breakdown of the European railway system prevents their carriage; and even when goods can be manufactured, the breakdown of the European currency system prevents their sale. I have already described the losses, by war and under the Armistice surrenders, to the transport system of Germany. But even so, Germany s position, taking account of her power of replacement by manufacture, is probably not so serious as that of some of her neighbors. In Russia (about which, however, we have very little exact or accurate information) the condition of the rolling-stock is believed to be altogether desperate, and one of the most fundamental factors in her existing economic disorder. And in Poland, Roumania, and Hungary the position is not much better. Yet modern industrial life essentially depends on efficient transport facilities, and the population which secured its livelihood by these means cannot continue to live without them. The breakdown of currency, and the distrust in its purchasing value, is an aggravation of these evils which must be discussed in a little more detail in connection with foreign trade. What then is our picture of Europe? A country population able to support life on the fruits of its own agricultural production but without the accustomed surplus for the towns, and also (as a result of the lack of imported materials and so of variety and amount in the saleable manufactures of the towns) without the usual incentives to market food in return for other wares; an industrial population unable to keep its strength for lack of food, unable to earn a livelihood for lack of materials, and so unable to make good by imports from abroad the failure of productivity at home. Yet, according to Mr. Hoover, "a rough estimate would indicate that the population of Europe is at least 100,000,000 greater than can be supported without imports, and must live by the production and distribution of exports." The problem of the re-inauguration of the perpetual circle of production and exchange in foreign trade leads me to a necessary digression on the currency situation of Europe. Lenin is said to have declared that the best way to destroy the Capitalist System was to debauch the currency. By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens. By this method they not only confiscate, but they confiscate arbitrarily; and, while the process impoverishes many, it actually enriches some. The sight of this arbitrary rearrangement of riches strikes not only at security, but at confidence in the equity of the existing distribution of wealth. Those to whom the system brings windfalls, beyond their deserts and even beyond their expectations or desires, become "profiteers,", who are the object of the hatred of the bourgeoisie, whom the inflationism has impoverished, not less than of the proletariat. As the inflation proceeds and the real value of the currency fluctuates wildly from month to month, all permanent relations between debtors and creditors, which form the ultimate foundation of capitalism, become so utterly disordered as to be almost meaningless; and the process of wealth-getting degenerates into a gamble and a lottery. Lenin was certainly right. There is no subtler, no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency. The process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction, and does it in a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose. In the latter stages of the war all the belligerent governments practised, from necessity or incompetence, what a Bolshevist might have done from design. Even now, when the war is over, most of them continue out of weakness the same malpractices. But further, the Governments of Europe, being many of them at this moment reckless in their methods as well as weak, seek to direct on to a class known as "profiteers" the popular indignation against the more obvious consequences of their vicious methods. These "profiteers" are, broadly speaking, the entrepreneur class of capitalists, that is to say, the active and constructive element in the whole capitalist society, who in a period of rapidly rising prices cannot help but get rich quick whether they wish it or desire it or not. If prices are continually rising, even trader who has purchased for stock or owns property and plant inevitably makes profits. By directing hatred against this class, therefore, the European Governments are carrying a step further the fatal process which the subtle mind of Lenin had consciously conceived. The profiteers are a consequence and not a cause of rising prices. By combining a popular hatred of the class of entrepreneurs with the blow already given to social security by the violent and arbitrary disturbance of contract and of the established equilibrium of wealth which is the inevitable result of inflation, these Governments are fast rendering impossible a continuance of the social and economic order of the nineteenth century. But they have no plan for replacing it. We are thus faced in Europe with the spectacle of an extraordinary weakness on the part of the great capitalist class, which has emerged from the industrial triumphs of the nineteenth century, and seemed a very few years ago our all-powerful master. The terror and personal timidity of the individuals of this class is now so great, their confidence in their place in society and in their necessity to the social organism so diminished, that they are the easy victims of intimidation. This was not so in England twenty-five years ago, any more than it is now in the United States. Then the capitalists believed in themselves, in their value to society, in the propriety of their continued existence in the full enjoyment of their riches and the unlimited exercise of their power. Now they tremble before every insult;—call them pro-Germans, international financiers, or profiteers, and they will give you any ransom you choose to ask not to speak of them so harshly. They allow themselves to be ruined and altogether undone by their own instruments, governments of their own making, and a press of which they are the proprietors. Perhaps it is historically true that no order of society ever perishes save by its own hand. In the complexer world of Western Europe the Immanent Will may achieve its ends more subtly and bring in the revolution no less inevitably through a Klotz or a George than by the intellectualisms, too ruthless and self-conscious for us, of the bloodthirsty philosophers of Russia. The inflationism of the currency systems of Europe has proceeded to extraordinary lengths. The various belligerent Governments, unable, or too timid or too short-sighted to secure from loans or taxes the resources they required, have printed notes for the balance. In Russia and Austria-Hungary this process has reached a point where for the purposes of foreign trade the currency is practically valueless. The Polish mark can be bought for about three cents and the Austrian crown for less than two cents, but they cannot be sold at all. The German mark is worth less than four cents on the exchanges. In most of the other countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe the real position is nearly as bad. The currency of Italy has fallen to little more than a halt of its nominal value in spite of its being still subject to some degree of regulation; French currency maintains an uncertain market; and even sterling is seriously diminished in present value and impaired in its future prospects. But while these currencies enjoy a precarious value abroad, they have never entirely lost, not even in Russia, their purchasing power at home. A sentiment of trust in the legal money of the State is so deeply implanted in the citizens of all countries that they cannot but believe that some day this money must recover a part at least of its former value. To their minds it appears that value is inherent in money as such, and they do not apprehend that the real wealth, which this money might have stood for, has been dissipated once and for all. This sentiment is supported by the various legal regulations with which the Governments endeavor to control internal prices, and so to preserve some purchasing power for their legal tender. Thus the force of law preserves a measure of immediate purchasing power over some commodities and the force of sentiment and custom maintains, especially amongst peasants, a willingness to hoard paper which is really worthless. The presumption of a spurious value for the currency, by the force of law expressed in the regulation of prices, contains in itself, however, the seeds of final economic decay, and soon dries up the sources of ultimate supply. If a man is compelled to exchange the fruits of his labors for paper which, as experience soon teaches him, he cannot use to purchase what he requires at a price comparable to that which he has received for his own products, he will keep his produce for himself, dispose of it to his friends and neighbors as a favor, or relax his efforts in producing it. A system of compelling the exchange of commodities at what is not their real relative value not only relaxes production, but leads finally to the waste and inefficiency of barter. If, however, a government refrains from regulation and allows matters to take their course, essential commodities soon attain a level of price out of the reach of all but the rich, the worthlessness of the money becomes apparent, and the fraud upon the public can be concealed no longer. The effect on foreign trade of price-regulation and profiteer-hunting as cures for inflation is even worse. Whatever may be the case at home, the currency must soon reach its real level abroad, with the result that prices inside and outside the country lose their normal adjustment. The price of imported commodities, when converted at the current rate o exchange, is far in excess of the local price, so that many essential goods will not be imported at all by private agency, and must be provided by the government, which, in re-selling the goods below cost price, plunges thereby a little further into insolvency. The bread subsidies, now almost universal throughout Europe, are the leading example of this phenomenon. The countries of Europe fall into two distinct groups at the present time as regards their manifestations of what is really the same evil throughout, according as they have been cut off from international intercourse by the Blockade, or have had their imports paid for out of the resources of their allies. I take Germany as typical of the first, and France and Italy of the second. The note circulation of Germany is about ten times[146] what it was before the war. The value of the mark in terms of gold is about one-eighth of its former value. As world-prices in terms of gold are more than double what they were, it follows that mark-prices inside Germany ought to be from sixteen to twenty times their pre-war level if they are to be in adjustment and proper conformity with prices outside Germany.[147] But this is not the case. In spite of a very great rise in German prices, they probably do not yet average much more than five times their former level, so far as staple commodities are concerned; and it is impossible that they should rise further except with a simultaneous and not less violent adjustment of the level of money wages. The existing maladjustment hinders in two ways (apart from other obstacles) that revival of the import trade which is the essential preliminary of the economic reconstruction of the country. In the first place, imported commodities are beyond the purchasing power of the great mass of the population,[148] and the flood of imports which might have been expected to succeed the raising of the blockade was not in fact commercially possible.[149] In the second place, it is a hazardous enterprise for a merchant or a manufacturer to purchase with a foreign credit material for which, when he has imported it or manufactured it, he will receive mark currency of a quite uncertain and possibly unrealizable value. This latter obstacle to the revival of trade is one which easily escapes notice and deserves a little attention. It is impossible at the present time to say what the mark will be worth in terms of foreign currency three or six months or a year hence, and the exchange market can quote no reliable figure. It may be the case, therefore, that a German merchant, careful of his future credit and reputation, who is actually offered a short period credit in terms of sterling or dollars, may be reluctant and doubtful whether to accept it. He will owe sterling or dollars, but he will sell his product for marks, and his power, when the time comes, to turn these marks into the currency in which he has to repay his debt is entirely problematic. Business loses its genuine character and becomes no better than a speculation in the exchanges, the fluctuations in which entirely obliterate the normal profits of commerce. There are therefore three separate obstacles to the revival of trade a maladjustment between internal prices and international prices, a lack of individual credit abroad wherewith to buy the raw materials needed to secure the working capital and to re-start the circle of exchange, and a disordered currency system which renders credit operations hazardous or impossible quite apart from the ordinary risks of commerce. The note circulation of France is more than six times its pre-war level. The exchange value of the franc in terms of gold is a little less than two-thirds its former value; that is to say, the value of the franc has not fallen in proportion to the increased volume of the currency.[150] This apparently superior situation of France is due to the fact that until recently a very great part of her imports have not been paid for, but have been covered by loans from the Governments of Great Britain and the United States. This has allowed a want of equilibrium between exports and imports to be established, which is becoming a very serious factor, now that the outside assistance is being gradually discontinued. The internal economy of France and its price level in relation to the note circulation and the foreign exchanges is at present based on an excess of imports over exports which cannot possibly continue. Yet it is difficult to see how the position can be readjusted except by a lowering of the standard of consumption in France, which, even if it is only temporary, will provoke a great deal of discontent.[151] The situation of Italy is not very different. There the note circulation is five or six times its pre-war level, and the exchange value of the lira in terms of gold about half its former value. Thus the adjustment of the exchange to the volume of the note circulation has proceeded further in Italy than in France. On the other hand, Italy s "invisible" receipts, from emigrant remittances and the expenditure of tourists, have been very injuriously affected; the disruption of Austria has deprived her of an important market; and her peculiar dependence on foreign shipping and on imported raw materials of every kind has laid her open to special injury from the increase of world prices. For all these reasons her position is grave, and her excess of imports as serious a symptom as in the case of France.[152] The existing inflation and the maladjustment of international trade are aggravated, both in France and in Italy, by the unfortunate budgetary position of the Governments of these countries. In France the failure to impose taxation is notorious. Before the war the aggregate French and British budgets, and also the average taxation per head, were about equal; but in France no substantial effort has been made to cover the increased expenditure. "Taxes increased in Great Britain during the war," it has been estimated, "from 95 francs per head to 265 francs, whereas the increase in France was only from 90 to 103 francs." The taxation voted in France for the financial year ending June 30, 1919, was less than half the estimated normal post-bellum expenditure. The normal budget for the future cannot be put below $4,400,000,000 (22 milliard francs), and may exceed this figure; but even for the fiscal year 1919-20 the estimated receipts from taxation do not cover much more than half this amount. The French Ministry of Finance have no plan or policy whatever for meeting this prodigious deficit, except the expectation of receipts from Germany on a scale which the French officials themselves know to be baseless. In the meantime they are helped by sales of war material and surplus American stocks and do not scruple, even in the latter half of 1919, to meet the deficit by the yet further expansion of the note issue of the Bank of France.[153] The budgetary position of Italy is perhaps a little superior to that of France. Italian finance throughout the war was more enterprising than the French, and far greater efforts were made to impose taxation and pay for the war. Nevertheless Signor Nitti, the Prime Minister, in a letter addressed to the electorate on the eve of the General Election (Oct., 1919), thought it necessary to make public the following desperate analysis of the situation —(1) The State expenditure amounts to about three times the revenue. (2) All the industrial undertakings of the State, including the railways, telegraphs, and telephones, are being run at a loss. Although the public is buying bread at a high price, that price represents a loss to the Government of about a milliard a year. (3) Exports now leaving the country are valued at only one-quarter or one-fifth of the imports from abroad. (4) The National Debt is increasing by about a milliard lire per month. (5) The military expenditure for one month is still larger than that for the first year of the war. But if this is the budgetary position of France and Italy, that of the rest of belligerent Europe is yet more desperate. In Germany the total expenditure of the Empire, the Federal States, and the Communes in 1919-20 is estimated at 25 milliards of marks, of which not above 10 milliards are covered by previously existing taxation. This is without allowing anything for the payment of the indemnity. In Russia, Poland, Hungary, or Austria such a thing as a budget cannot be seriously considered to exist at all.[154] Thus the menace of inflationism described above is not merely a product of the war, of which peace begins the cure. It is a continuing phenomenon of which the end is not yet in sight. All these influences combine not merely to prevent Europe from supplying immediately a sufficient stream of exports to pay for the goods she needs to import, but they impair her credit for securing the working capital required to re-start the circle of exchange and also, by swinging the forces of economic law yet further from equilibrium rather than towards it, they favor a continuance of the present conditions instead of a recovery from them. An inefficient, unemployed, disorganized Europe faces us, torn by internal strife and international hate, fighting, starving, pillaging, and lying. What warrant is there for a picture of less somber colors? I have paid little heed in this book to Russia, Hungary, or Austria.[155] There the miseries of life and the disintegration of society are too notorious to require analysis; and these countries are already experiencing the actuality of what for the rest of Europe is still in the realm of prediction. Yet they comprehend a vast territory and a great population, and are an extant example of how much man can suffer and how far society can decay. Above all, they are the signal to us of how in the final catastrophe the malady of the body passes over into malady of the mind. Economic privation proceeds by easy stages, and so long as men suffer it patiently the outside world cares little. Physical efficiency and resistance to disease slowly diminish,[156] but life proceeds somehow, until the limit of human endurance is reached at last and counsels of despair and madness stir the sufferers from the lethargy which precedes the crisis. Then man shakes himself, and the bonds of custom are loosed. The power of ideas is sovereign, and he listens to whatever instruction of hope, illusion, or revenge is carried to him on the air. As I write, the flames of Russian Bolshevism seem, for the moment at least, to have burnt themselves out, and the peoples of Central and Eastern Europe are held in a dreadful torpor. The lately gathered harvest keeps off the worst privations, and Peace has been declared at Paris. But winter approaches. Men will have nothing to look forward to or to nourish hopes on. There will be little fuel to moderate the rigors of the season or to comfort the starved bodies of the town-dwellers. But who can say how much is endurable, or in what direction men will seek at last to escape from their misfortunes? FOOTNOTES [145] Professor Starling s Report on Food Conditions in Germany. (Cmd. 280.) [146] Including the Darlehenskassenscheine somewhat more. [147] Similarly in Austria prices ought to be between twenty and thirty times their former level. [148] One of the moat striking and symptomatic difficulties which faced the Allied authorities in their administration of the occupied areas of Germany during the Armistice arose out of the fact that even when they brought food into the country the inhabitants could not afford to pay its cost price. [149] Theoretically an unduly low level of home prices should stimulate exports and so cure itself. But in Germany, and still more in Poland and Austria, there is little or nothing to export. There must be imports before there can be exports. [150] Allowing for the diminished value of gold, the exchange value of the franc should be less than 40 per cent of its previous value, instead of the actual figure of about 60 per cent, if the fall were proportional to the increase in the volume of the currency. [151] How very far from equilibrium France s international exchange now is can be seen from the following table Monthly AverageImports $1,000Exports $1,000Excess of Imports $1,000 1913140,355114,67025,685 1914106,70581,14525,560 1918331,91569,055262,860 Jan.-Mar. 1919387,14066,670320,470 Apr.-June 1919421,41083,895337,515 July 1919467,565123,675343,890 These figures have been converted, at approximately par rates, but this is roughly compensated by the fact that the trade of 1918 and 1919 has been valued at 1917 official rates. French imports cannot possibly continue at anything approaching these figures, and the semblance of prosperity based on such a state of affairs is spurious. [152] The figures for Italy are as follows Monthly AverageImports $1,000Exports $1,000Excess of Imports $1,000 191360,76041,86018,900 191448,72036,84011,880 1918235,02541,390193,635 Jan.-Mar. 1919229,24038,685191,155 Apr.-June 1919331,03569,250261,785 July-Aug. 1919223,53584,515139,020 [153] In the last two returns of the Bank of France available as I write (Oct. 2 and 9, 1919) the increases in the note issue on the week amounted to $93,750,000 and $94,125,000 respectively. [154] On October 3, 1919, M. Bilinski made his financial statement to the Polish Diet. He estimated his expenditure for the next nine months at rather more than double his expenditure for the past nine months, and while during the first period his revenue had amounted to one-fifth of his expenditure, for the coming months he was budgeting for receipts equal to one-eighth of his outgoings. The Times correspondent at Warsaw reported that "in general M. Bilinski s tone was optimistic and appeared to satisfy his audience." [155] The terms of the Peace Treaty imposed on the Austrian Republic bear no relation to the real facts of that State s desperate situation. The Arbeiter Zeitung of Vienna on June 4, 1919, commented on them as follows "Never has the substance of a treaty of peace so grossly betrayed the intentions which were said to have guided its construction as is the case with this Treaty . . . in which every provision is permeated with ruthlessness and pitilessness, in which no breath of human sympathy can be detected, which flies in the face of everything which binds man to man, which is a crime against humanity itself, against a suffering and tortured people." I am acquainted in detail with the Austrian Treaty and I was present when some of its terms were being drafted, but I do not find it easy to rebut the justice of this outburst. [156] For months past the reports of the health conditions in the Central Empires have been of such a character that the imagination is dulled, and one almost seems guilty of sentimentality in quoting them. But their general veracity is not disputed, and I quote the three following, that the reader may not be unmindful of them "In the last years of the war, in Austria alone at least 35,000 people died of tuberculosis, in Vienna alone 12,000. Today we have to reckon with a number of at least 350,000 to 400,000 people who require treatment for tuberculosis.... As the result of malnutrition a bloodless generation is growing up with undeveloped muscles, undeveloped joints, and undeveloped brain" (Neue Freie Presse, May 31, 1919). The Commission of Doctors appointed by the Medical Faculties of Holland, Sweden, and Norway to examine the conditions in Germany reported as follows in the Swedish Press in April, 1919 "Tuberculosis, especially in children, is increasing in an appalling way, and, generally speaking, is malignant. In the same way rickets is more serious and more widely prevalent. It is impossible to do anything for these diseases; there is no milk for the tuberculous, and no cod-liver oil for those suffering from rickets.... Tuberculosis is assuming almost unprecedented aspects, such as have hitherto only been known in exceptional cases. The whole body is attacked simultaneously, and the illness in this form is practically incurable.... Tuberculosis is nearly always fatal now among adults. It is the cause of 90 per cent of the hospital cases. Nothing can be done against it owing to lack of food-stuffs.... It appears in the most terrible forms, such as glandular tuberculosis, which turns into purulent dissolution." The following is by a writer in the Vossische Zeitung, June 5, 1919, who accompanied the Hoover Mission to the Erzgebirge "I visited large country districts where 90 per cent of all the children were ricketty and where children of three years are only beginning to walk.... Accompany me to a school in the Erzgebirge. You think it is a kindergarten for the little ones. No, these are children of seven and eight years. Tiny faces, with large dull eyes, overshadowed by huge puffed, ricketty foreheads, their small arms just skin and bone, and above the crooked legs with their dislocated joints the swollen, pointed stomachs of the hunger oedema.... You see this child here, the physician in charge explained; it consumed an incredible amount of bread, and yet did not get any stronger. I found out that it hid all the bread it received underneath its straw mattress. The fear of hunger was so deeply rooted in the child that it collected stores instead of eating the food a misguided animal instinct made the dread of hunger worse than the actual pangs. " Yet there are many persons apparently in whose opinion justice requires that such beings should pay tribute until they are forty or fifty years of age in relief of the British taxpayer.
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Load Buddha was a man just like us. He was born as a crown prince but he abandoned his wealth, status, as well as honor. He searched for the truth and pursued the way to solve the problem of samsara, the cycle of life and death. Lord Buddha teaches us that the life is suffering. We human beings, are practicing, aspiring for the cessation of suffering and seeking for the serenity in the next life. It is the goal of all Buddhists, irrespective of denomination, Theravada, Mahayana, or Tibetan Buddhism. What is a human being? Why were we born as human beings? What is the purpose of our lives? We can find the solution in the teachings of Lord Buddha, which is the essence of Buddhism. Let’s review the life of Lord Buddha, the original of Buddhism. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Anatomy of the Pelvis - for Artists 骨盤の解剖学 https //www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GA8oC9PFQo http //www.proko.com/anatomy-of-the-pelvis-for-artists/ Hello, in this episode of Proko we’re going to learn the anatomy of the Pelvis. こんにちは、このビデオでは 骨盤のことを学んでいきたいと思います。 We’ll explore the structure of the parts, the difference between a male and female pelvis, and how to simplify the structure to make it manageable to draw. その構造、 骨盤における男性と女性の違い そしてどうやって描く際に取り扱いしやすく単純化するかを 探求していきます。 Let’s take a look at the Parts of the Pelvis. 骨盤を構成する部品を見ていきましょう。 0 32 The Parts of the Pelvis 骨盤を構成する部品 The 2 hip bones, along with the sacrum and coccyx of the spine form what s known as the pelvis. 二つの寛骨と、脊椎につながっている仙骨と尾骨、 これが骨盤として知られているものです。 Each hip bone consists of 3 parts. それぞれの寛骨は、三つの部品から構成されています。 0 43 These 3 parts actually start out as 3 separate bones at birth and fuse together throughout puberty. この三つの部品は、 出生時は実際に三つの骨に分かれており、 思春期を通して一つに融合します。 On the top half stands a wing-like wall called the ilium. 上半分は、羽のような壁が立ち上がっていますが、 腸骨と呼ばれています。 Under the ilium, in the front is the pubis. 腸骨の下、前方は恥骨です。 And behind the pubis is the ischium. そして恥骨の背後は座骨です。 You can remember that there’s all sorts of “icky” stuff that happens in the ischium. あらゆる不快な(icky)出来事は 座骨(ischium)で起きるわけです。 These 3 bones fuse together right in the middle of the acetabulum a deep socket of the ball and socket joint of the hip. これらの三つの骨は、寛骨臼を中心としてしっかりとくっついています。 寛骨臼は、臀部の球関節の受け口となります。 The femur sits right in there and rotates in all directions to move the leg. 大腿骨はそこにはまり込み、 足を動かすためにあらゆる方向へ回転します。 Ilium 腸骨 The Ilium is the largest of the 3 parts. 腸骨は三つの部品の中で一番大きなものです。 The 2 curved walls converge in the back, connected by the sacrum. 二つの曲がった壁が後部で合流し、 仙骨によってつなげられています。 The part of the ilium that is visible in the surface is the top edge known as the iliac crest, so let’s take a closer look at it. 腸骨の部分において、人体表面に見える部分というのは、 てっぺんの縁、腸骨稜です。 ですので、もう少しそれを近くで見てみましょう。 The iliac crest starts in the front at the ASIS, that’s Anterior Superior Iliac Spine. 腸骨稜は人体前方、ASISから始まっています。 ASISは Anterior Superior Iliac Spine 上前腸骨棘 の略です。 And it ends in the back at the PSIS or Posterior Superior Iliac Spine. そして、人体後方の PSIS Posterior Superior Iliac Spine 上後腸骨棘 で終わります。 Dont miss this. これを間違えないでください。 I mention these two landmarks a lot. この二つの目印についてたびたび言及することになります。 And I use them a lot when drawing the figure. そして、人物画を描くときに多用します。 From top view, the crest curves outward from the ASIS for a short distance to the tubercle. 上から見ると、縁は、 上前腸骨棘から短い距離、 外側、結節へ向かってカーブしています。 Then curves back for a longer distance, and then almost straight backward for a short distance to the PSIS. その後、後方へ長い距離カーブし、 そして、上後腸骨棘へ向かって殆どまっすぐ短い距離向かっています。 2 18 From side view, the crest creates a half circle arc. 側面から見ると、 縁は半円形の弧を描いています。 This arc shape will vary, from a smooth curve in some people, to a sharp corner at the top point in other people. この弧の形は大変多様であり、 ある人では滑らかなカーブで、 またある人では頂点が鋭角な角になっています。 This high point is somewhat back from center. 個の頂点は、幾分中心を起点として後方寄りです。 Men tend to have a more angular high corner, while women have a smoother curve. 男性はより角ばっていますが、 女性はどちらかというと滑らかです。 2 41 Only the front 1/4 of the crest is actually visible on surface, starting from this tubercle. 腸骨結節(tubercle)のあたりから始まって腸骨稜の前方1/4だけが表面において見えています。 2 48 The rest is covered by the external oblique muscle on the sides and flank fat in the back. 残りは、側面においては外腹斜筋に、 背中にあっては脂肪におおわれています。 2 54 Here’s a good example where you can clearly see the ASIS in the front and the external oblique covering the side portion. この画像は、前方の上前腸骨棘と、外腹斜筋が残りを覆っている 様子が見える良い例です。 On a more muscular or overweight body type, it appears as a sharp edge, indicating the bottom border of the external oblique. より筋肉質な人、もしくは太りすぎな人では、 前方の上前腸骨棘と、外腹斜筋が残りを覆っている様子は より鋭角に見えますが、それが 外腹斜筋の下の境界線を示しています。 If the torso bends laterally, the external oblique is stretched up, sometimes exposing the middle section of the crest. もしトルソを外側へ倒すと、 外腹斜筋は引き延ばされ、 時折腸骨稜の中央部が見えます。 On a very lean person, the ASIS pokes out as a visible protrusion. 大きく傾いた人物では、 上前腸骨棘が目に見える突起として突き出ます。 It pokes out even farther when the spine is extended, and the muscles around the ASIS are stretched. 上前腸骨棘は、 脊椎が伸展され、 上前腸骨棘周辺の筋肉が伸ばされたとき、 さらに長く突き出ます。 3 35 The visible portion curves downward and inward. 目に見えるカーブの部分は、下向き且つ内向きです。 3 39 Try to feel it on yourself. 自分の体を触って確かめてみましょう。 In the back the Posterior Superior Iliac Spines are surrounded by muscles and flank fat. 背中では、 上後腸骨棘は、 筋肉と脂肪でおおわれています。 They are usually seen as two dimples where connective tissue attached to the spines pull the skin inward. それらは通常、 二つのくぼみとして見られますが、 そこでは、脊椎に付着した結合組織が、 皮膚を内側へ引っ張っています。 You might see a subtle indication of the crest in men, though mostly softened by the flank fat. 男性においては腸骨稜のわずかな兆候を見ることができるかもしれませんが、 大体においては脂肪によって滑らかにされています。 In women it can be so softened that the hips appear to continue all the way to the top of the waist. 女性においては 腸骨稜は、大変滑らかにされているので、 尻が腰の頂点までずっと続いているように見える In some poses when a lean model stretches her back muscles, the bones push out and appear as protrusions instead of a dimple. いくつかの女性のポーズにおいては、 傾いたモデルが彼女の背中の筋肉を伸ばしたとき、 上後腸骨棘などが突き出てくぼみの代わりに突起として見えることがあります。 4 20 Pubis 恥骨 Ok, let’s move on to the pubis. はい、次は恥骨です。 The two sides are joined by a cartilaginous disc at the pubic symphysis. 両側の恥骨は 恥骨結合において、軟骨性の円盤によって 連結されています。 This is a commonly used landmark, but you won’t actually see a bony point because it’s covered by pubic fat. これはよく目印として使われますが、 しかし実際には骨ばった目印の点を見ることはできないでしょう。 脂肪でおおわれているからです。 4 38 You can find it by following the trail of the inguinal ligament. 鼠径靭帯の痕跡を追うことによって 恥骨結合を見つけることができます。 A thin string-like ligament stretching from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle just lateral of the pubic symphysis. 鼠径靭帯は薄くひも状の靭帯で、 上前腸骨棘から恥骨結合外側の恥骨結節まで伸びています。 4 51 It defines the lower border of the abdominal mass called the "furrows of the groin" and appears deeper in men. 鼠径靭帯は腹部の下の境界、鼠蹊部のしわと呼ばれています、 を定義づけ、 男性ではより深く現れます。 The pubic symphysis aligns with the level of the tailbone, although this varies. 恥骨結合は、尾骨の高さと並びますが、 人によって多様です。 In men, it’s also on the same vertical plane with the ASIS. 男性において、 恥骨結合は上前腸骨棘と同じ垂直の平面に存在します。 Another useful alignment, is the pubic symphysis tends to be the vertical center of the whole body. もう一つの有用な整列は、 恥骨結合は、人体を通る垂直線のちょうど真ん中になる傾向にあります。 In the back, the vertical center is between the bottom of the sacral triangle and the bottom of the buttocks, right in the middle of where the glutes meet. 背中において、 垂直線の真ん中は、 仙骨の三角形の底と臀部の底の真ん中、 臀部の筋肉があるところのちょうど真ん中です。 5 27 Gender Differences 性差について The pelvis has the most divergence between male and female of the entire skeleton. 骨盤は、骨格全体の中でも 男女で大変違いのある骨です。 Mainly because a female pelvis is built to allow a woman to give birth. 主な理由は、 女性の骨盤は、 女性が出産を可能にするために作られているからです。 Skelly, I’d like you to meet, Skella! Skelly、君に紹介したい人物がいるんだ、 Skella! What makes Skelly so attracted to Skella’s pelvis? 一体SkellyはSkellaの骨盤のどこに惹かれたのでしょう? Well, the female pelvis has lighter and thinner parts. さて、女性の骨盤は軽くて薄くなっています。 It’s about 2 finger widths wider and 2 finger widths shorter than a male pelvis. 女性の骨盤は、男性のものより 大体指二本分幅広く、 指二本分短くなっています。 The walls of the ilium are more vertical, but not as tall. 腸骨の壁はより垂直ですが、高くはありません。 The pelvis is tilted forward more on a female. 女性の骨盤は男性より前に傾いています。 The ASIS protrude forward more and don t align with the pubic symphysis. 上前腸骨棘は前へ飛び出し、 恥骨結合とは垂直に整列しません。 On a man, the ASIS and pubic symphysis align on the same vertical plane. 男性では上前腸骨棘と恥骨結合は、 同じ垂直平面上に整列します。 6 48 You might also notice that the pubic arch is much wider on a female pelvis. また、恥骨弓が女性の骨盤では幅広くなっていることに気付いたかもしれません。 About 120 degrees in women, but only 90 degrees in men. 女性で120度、しかし男性では90度ぐらいです。 This means that women’s ischia are farther apart. このことにより、女性の座骨は互いにより遠く離れています。 Creating a wider gap between the leg muscles because the insertion points of the adductor muscles are farther. 両足の筋肉同士により幅広い隙間ができます。 なぜなら、内転筋の付着点がより遠くなるからです。 On a woman, you might see a gap even if the legs are together. 女性では、足をそろえたとしても 隙間ができることが確認できると思います。 On a male, the gap is much smaller. 男性では、この隙間は幾分狭くなります。 Sometimes there is no gap, even if the legs are separated. 男性では、時折この隙間は見えなくなります。 例え足を話していたとしてもです。 7 22 The widening of all these parts on a female pelvis pushes the acetabula laterally, which in turn pushes the greater trochanters. 女性の骨盤においてこのようにこれらの部品が横に広がっていることが、 寛骨臼を外側へ広げることになります。 よって、同様に大転子も横へ広がります。 These differences, along with more fat distribution, account for why women have more prominent hips. 脂肪の分布も併せた、これらの相違点が、 なぜ女性がより目立つ臀部を持っているかの原因になります。 An average woman will have a higher body fat percentage than an average man, so the baby doesn’t starve during hard times. 平均的な女性は、平均的な男性より脂肪の割合が多いです。 赤ちゃんが、大変な時に飢えないためです。 7 49 Like the pelvis, the sacrum is also shorter, wider, and curves posteriorly more. 骨盤と同様、 仙骨もまた、短く、幅広く、後方へカーブしています。 On the surface, this plane of the lower back is more angled on a woman and more vertical on a man. 表面において、 この下部の平面は、女性ではより急角度に、男性ではより垂直になっています。 8 10 The main reason for the wider female pelvis is to create a larger inlet and larger outlet for a baby to pass through. 女性の骨盤が幅広い主な理由は 赤ん坊が通り抜けるための より幅広い入口と出口を作るためです。 The inlet is this round shape here. 入口はここでは丸い形をしています。 Very round and wide on a female. 女性では大変丸く幅広くなっています。 On a male pelvis the inlet shape is more like this. 男性では、入口の形はどちらかというとこのようになっています。 8 29 The outlet is the space between the bottoms of the ischia and tailbone. 出口は、座骨と尾骨の底の間の隙間です。 You can see how everything is more spaced out on the female pelvis, perfect for childbirth. 女性の骨盤においてすべてが出産のために配置されていることが わかったことでしょう。 Allow me to demonstrate. 実演してみましょう。 As you can see, the baby passes through Skella s pelvis quite easily. ご覧のように、 赤ちゃんがSkellaの骨盤をきわめて簡単に 通り抜けることが分かります。 But with Skelly. しかしSkellyでは... Well... さて、 To review, a male pelvis is characterized by height, weight, more vertical angle, thickness, sharper angles, and a smaller cavity. 復習ですが、 男性の骨盤は、高さ、重さ、より垂直で、厚く、 鋭い角度で、隙間が小さいことで 特徴づけられています。 A female pelvis is characterized by width, lightness, forward tilt, thinness, and a larger cavity. 女性の骨盤は、幅、軽さ、 前方への傾き、 薄さ、より大きい隙間によって 特徴づけられています。 9 33 Simplified Structure 構造の単純化 As you can probably tell, the forms of the pelvis are quite complex. もうお分かりかもしれませんが、 骨盤の構造は大変複雑です。 Trying to imagine these forms from various angles let alone drawing them is very challenging. いろいろな角度から形を創造するのはもちろん、 まして描くことは 大変難しいことです。 Let’s take a look at a few ways we can simplify the pelvis to make it easier to construct and pose the body. 人体を構築したりポーズをとらせたりすることを 簡単にするために、 骨盤を単純化できるいくつかの方法を 見てみましょう。 !--訳注 ここから字幕と不一致-- 9 53 The relationship between the top half and bottom half of the pelvis simplifies to 2 perpendicular planes. The Ilium generally angles inward to the sacrum. The ischium and pubis together angle perpendicularly to that, meeting at the pubic symphysis. From the side, It s kinda like a figure 8. A twisted figure 8. . !--ここまで-- 9 55 Bucket バケツ Now, the method I’ll use a lot in this Anatomy course, is the bucket. さて、 この解剖学のコースで私が多用するやり方は、 バケツです。 I like it because starting the construction with a bucket allowsus to get very accurate placements for the landmarks. 私はこのやり方が好みです。 なぜなら、 バケツで構築することから始めることは、 目印を大変正確に配置できるからです。 A bucket is basically a tapered cylinder. バケツは基本的に先細った円筒形です。 This cylinder, in a neutral standing pose, is tilted forward, like the pelvis. この円筒形が、中立姿勢において、 前方に傾いています。 骨盤のように。 It s wider at the top and narrower at the bottom. このバケツは、てっぺんで広く、底で狭くなっています。 Also, the width is longer than the depth. 幅は奥行きより長くなっています。 So the top and bottom caps are not perfect circles. ですので、てっぺんと底の蓋は、完全な円ではありません。 10 29 This ellipse of the top cap is the first thing I draw. 上の蓋の楕円は、私が最初に描く部分です。 It determines a lot of things. 個の楕円はたくさんのことを決めてくれます。 The width, the forward tilt, and the side to side leaning. 幅、傾き、そして左右の傾きです。 It s also not too hard to find on the surface of a model. また、この楕円は、 モデルの表面上に容易に見つけられます。 From the front, use the ASIS points to determine the side to side leaning angle. 前方において、 左右の傾きを決めるために 上前腸骨棘の点を使います。 !--字幕欠落ここから-- From the back, use tha dimple at the PSIS, or the bottom edges of the external obliques. 背中では、上後腸骨棘のくぼみ、 もしくは外腹斜筋の縁を使います。 !--ここまで-- Now, from the top you ll notice that this ellipse doesn t really follow the shape of the iliac crest all the way. さて、上から見たとき、 この楕円形は、腸骨稜の形を すべてにおいて追ってはいないことに 気づくでしょう。 It does for this middle portion but then the crest takes a sharp turn inward, leaving this extra space. 中ごろの部分において、腸骨稜は内側へ急なカーブになっており、 このスペースも実際の骨盤との違いになっています。 Well, if you consider the muscles and flank fat in this area, this ellipse actually follows the surface curve nicely! さて、筋肉と脂肪がこの範囲に入ることを考えれば、 この楕円は表面のカーブによくはまります! And in the front, the curve follows the form of the abs. そして前方では、 カーブは腹筋の形を追います。 Of course, on an obese body, this won t work as well. もちろん、太った体では、 このことはうまくいきません。 So, we’re looking just at this portion of the iliac crest when drawing the top ellipse. ですので、 てっぺんの楕円を描くとき、 腸骨稜のこの赤い部分だけを見るようにしましょう。 After I ve established the ellipse, I ll add the side planes. 楕円を決めたのち、 側面を加えます。 The length depends on how much foreshortening there is caused by the tilt and our point of view. 側面の長さは、 バケツの傾きと、我々の支点によって 引き起こされる短縮遠近がどのぐらいかに依存しています。 Longer lines when there’s no foreshortening. 短縮遠近されていないとき線は長くなり、 And shorter lines when there’s a lot of foreshortening. より短縮遠近されたときの短い線です。 You also have to think about the gender differences. さらに性差について考えなければなりません。 Remember, a female pelvis is wider and shorter than a male pelvis. 女性の骨盤は、男性のものより幅広く短いことを思い出してください。 Finally, I ll add the bottom cap and that gives me a simplified form for the pelvis. ついに、底を描き加え、 単純化された骨盤の形が手に入りました。 There we have a simple representation of the pelvis as a bucket. バケツとしての骨盤の、 単純な表現が手に入りました。 In the next lesson, I’ll show you how to break it down further to construct the minor forms of the pelvis. 次のレッスンでは、 骨盤の細部を組み立てるために どうやって詳細に描くか、 お見せします。 In the meantime, fill a page with buckets from various angles. さしあたっては、 いろいろな角度からのバケツでページを埋めてください。 Premium Anatomy students, you can login to your account and use the 3d model of the bucket and pelvis as reference. 有料版の生徒は、 アカウントにログインして 骨盤の3Dモデルとバケツを資料として使うことができます。 Spin it around and draw the bucket! バケツを回し、そして描きましょう! If you’d like to sign up for the Premium Anatomy Course, go to proko.com/anatomy